Calcineurin is required for virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans.
Identifieur interne : 001A91 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 001A90; suivant : 001A92Calcineurin is required for virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans.
Auteurs : A. Odom [États-Unis] ; S. Muir ; E. Lim ; D L Toffaletti ; J. Perfect ; J. HeitmanSource :
- The EMBO journal [ 0261-4189 ] ; 1997.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Animaux (MeSH), Antifongiques (pharmacologie), Calcineurine (MeSH), Ciclosporine (pharmacologie), Cryptococcus neoformans (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques), Cryptococcus neoformans (génétique), Cryptococcus neoformans (pathogénicité), Données de séquences moléculaires (MeSH), Gènes fongiques (MeSH), Lapins (MeSH), Modèles génétiques (MeSH), Mutagenèse (MeSH), Phosphoprotein Phosphatases (génétique), Polyènes (pharmacologie), Protéines de liaison à la calmoduline (génétique), Protéines fongiques (génétique), Recombinaison génétique (MeSH), Régulation de l'expression des gènes fongiques (MeSH), Résistance microbienne aux médicaments (MeSH), Similitude de séquences d'acides aminés (MeSH), Sirolimus (MeSH), Séquence d'acides aminés (MeSH), Séquence nucléotidique (MeSH), Tacrolimus (pharmacologie), Température (MeSH), Virulence (génétique).
- MESH :
- effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques : Cryptococcus neoformans.
- génétique : Cryptococcus neoformans, Phosphoprotein Phosphatases, Protéines de liaison à la calmoduline, Protéines fongiques, Virulence.
- pathogénicité : Cryptococcus neoformans.
- pharmacologie : Antifongiques, Ciclosporine, Polyènes, Tacrolimus.
- Animaux, Calcineurine, Données de séquences moléculaires, Gènes fongiques, Lapins, Modèles génétiques, Mutagenèse, Recombinaison génétique, Régulation de l'expression des gènes fongiques, Résistance microbienne aux médicaments, Similitude de séquences d'acides aminés, Sirolimus, Séquence d'acides aminés, Séquence nucléotidique, Température.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Amino Acid Sequence (MeSH), Animals (MeSH), Antifungal Agents (pharmacology), Base Sequence (MeSH), Calcineurin (MeSH), Calmodulin-Binding Proteins (genetics), Cryptococcus neoformans (drug effects), Cryptococcus neoformans (genetics), Cryptococcus neoformans (pathogenicity), Cyclosporine (pharmacology), Drug Resistance, Microbial (MeSH), Fungal Proteins (genetics), Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal (MeSH), Genes, Fungal (MeSH), Models, Genetic (MeSH), Molecular Sequence Data (MeSH), Mutagenesis (MeSH), Phosphoprotein Phosphatases (genetics), Polyenes (pharmacology), Rabbits (MeSH), Recombination, Genetic (MeSH), Sequence Homology, Amino Acid (MeSH), Sirolimus (MeSH), Tacrolimus (pharmacology), Temperature (MeSH), Virulence (genetics).
- MESH :
- chemical , genetics : Calmodulin-Binding Proteins, Fungal Proteins, Phosphoprotein Phosphatases.
- chemical , pharmacology : Antifungal Agents, Cyclosporine, Polyenes, Tacrolimus.
- drug effects : Cryptococcus neoformans.
- genetics : Cryptococcus neoformans, Virulence.
- pathogenicity : Cryptococcus neoformans.
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Base Sequence, Calcineurin, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal, Genes, Fungal, Models, Genetic, Molecular Sequence Data, Mutagenesis, Rabbits, Recombination, Genetic, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Sirolimus, Temperature.
Abstract
Cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506 are antimicrobial, immunosuppressive natural products that inhibit signal transduction. In T cells and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, CsA and FK506 bind to the immunophilins cyclophilin A and FKBP12 and the resulting complexes inhibit the Ca2+-regulated protein phosphatase calcineurin. We find that growth of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans is sensitive to CsA and FK506 at 37 degrees C but not at 24 degrees C, suggesting that CsA and FK506 inhibit a protein required for C. neoformans growth at elevated temperature. Genetic evidence supports a model in which immunophilin-drug complexes inhibit calcineurin to prevent growth at 37 degrees C. The gene encoding the C. neoformans calcineurin A catalytic subunit was cloned and disrupted by homologous recombination. Calcineurin mutant strains are viable but do not survive in vitro conditions that mimic the host environment (elevated temperature, 5% CO2 or alkaline pH) and are no longer pathogenic in an animal model of cryptococcal meningitis. Introduction of the wild-type calcineurin A gene complemented these growth defects and restored virulence. Our findings demonstrate that calcineurin is required for C. neoformans virulence and may define signal transduction elements required for fungal pathogenesis that could be targets for therapeutic intervention.
DOI: 10.1093/emboj/16.10.2576
PubMed: 9184205
PubMed Central: PMC1169869
Affiliations:
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Calcineurin is required for virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans.</title><author><name sortKey="Odom, A" sort="Odom, A" uniqKey="Odom A" first="A" last="Odom">A. Odom</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muir, S" sort="Muir, S" uniqKey="Muir S" first="S" last="Muir">S. Muir</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lim, E" sort="Lim, E" uniqKey="Lim E" first="E" last="Lim">E. Lim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Toffaletti, D L" sort="Toffaletti, D L" uniqKey="Toffaletti D" first="D L" last="Toffaletti">D L Toffaletti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perfect, J" sort="Perfect, J" uniqKey="Perfect J" first="J" last="Perfect">J. Perfect</name></author><author><name sortKey="Heitman, J" sort="Heitman, J" uniqKey="Heitman J" first="J" last="Heitman">J. Heitman</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="1997">1997</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:9184205</idno><idno type="pmid">9184205</idno><idno type="doi">10.1093/emboj/16.10.2576</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC1169869</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">001A87</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">001A87</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">001A87</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Curation">001A87</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">001A87</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Calcineurin is required for virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans.</title><author><name sortKey="Odom, A" sort="Odom, A" uniqKey="Odom A" first="A" last="Odom">A. Odom</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muir, S" sort="Muir, S" uniqKey="Muir S" first="S" last="Muir">S. Muir</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lim, E" sort="Lim, E" uniqKey="Lim E" first="E" last="Lim">E. Lim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Toffaletti, D L" sort="Toffaletti, D L" uniqKey="Toffaletti D" first="D L" last="Toffaletti">D L Toffaletti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perfect, J" sort="Perfect, J" uniqKey="Perfect J" first="J" last="Perfect">J. Perfect</name></author><author><name sortKey="Heitman, J" sort="Heitman, J" uniqKey="Heitman J" first="J" last="Heitman">J. Heitman</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The EMBO journal</title><idno type="ISSN">0261-4189</idno><imprint><date when="1997" type="published">1997</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Amino Acid Sequence (MeSH)</term><term>Animals (MeSH)</term><term>Antifungal Agents (pharmacology)</term><term>Base Sequence (MeSH)</term><term>Calcineurin (MeSH)</term><term>Calmodulin-Binding Proteins (genetics)</term><term>Cryptococcus neoformans (drug effects)</term><term>Cryptococcus neoformans (genetics)</term><term>Cryptococcus neoformans (pathogenicity)</term><term>Cyclosporine (pharmacology)</term><term>Drug Resistance, Microbial (MeSH)</term><term>Fungal Proteins (genetics)</term><term>Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal (MeSH)</term><term>Genes, Fungal (MeSH)</term><term>Models, Genetic (MeSH)</term><term>Molecular Sequence Data (MeSH)</term><term>Mutagenesis (MeSH)</term><term>Phosphoprotein Phosphatases (genetics)</term><term>Polyenes (pharmacology)</term><term>Rabbits (MeSH)</term><term>Recombination, Genetic (MeSH)</term><term>Sequence Homology, Amino Acid (MeSH)</term><term>Sirolimus (MeSH)</term><term>Tacrolimus (pharmacology)</term><term>Temperature (MeSH)</term><term>Virulence (genetics)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux (MeSH)</term><term>Antifongiques (pharmacologie)</term><term>Calcineurine (MeSH)</term><term>Ciclosporine (pharmacologie)</term><term>Cryptococcus neoformans (effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques)</term><term>Cryptococcus neoformans (génétique)</term><term>Cryptococcus neoformans (pathogénicité)</term><term>Données de séquences moléculaires (MeSH)</term><term>Gènes fongiques (MeSH)</term><term>Lapins (MeSH)</term><term>Modèles génétiques (MeSH)</term><term>Mutagenèse (MeSH)</term><term>Phosphoprotein Phosphatases (génétique)</term><term>Polyènes (pharmacologie)</term><term>Protéines de liaison à la calmoduline (génétique)</term><term>Protéines fongiques (génétique)</term><term>Recombinaison génétique (MeSH)</term><term>Régulation de l'expression des gènes fongiques (MeSH)</term><term>Résistance microbienne aux médicaments (MeSH)</term><term>Similitude de séquences d'acides aminés (MeSH)</term><term>Sirolimus (MeSH)</term><term>Séquence d'acides aminés (MeSH)</term><term>Séquence nucléotidique (MeSH)</term><term>Tacrolimus (pharmacologie)</term><term>Température (MeSH)</term><term>Virulence (génétique)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Calmodulin-Binding Proteins</term><term>Fungal Proteins</term><term>Phosphoprotein Phosphatases</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="pharmacology" xml:lang="en"><term>Antifungal Agents</term><term>Cyclosporine</term><term>Polyenes</term><term>Tacrolimus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Cryptococcus neoformans</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques" xml:lang="fr"><term>Cryptococcus neoformans</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Cryptococcus neoformans</term><term>Virulence</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Cryptococcus neoformans</term><term>Phosphoprotein Phosphatases</term><term>Protéines de liaison à la calmoduline</term><term>Protéines fongiques</term><term>Virulence</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogenicity" xml:lang="en"><term>Cryptococcus neoformans</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogénicité" xml:lang="fr"><term>Cryptococcus neoformans</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pharmacologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antifongiques</term><term>Ciclosporine</term><term>Polyènes</term><term>Tacrolimus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Amino Acid Sequence</term><term>Animals</term><term>Base Sequence</term><term>Calcineurin</term><term>Drug Resistance, Microbial</term><term>Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal</term><term>Genes, Fungal</term><term>Models, Genetic</term><term>Molecular Sequence Data</term><term>Mutagenesis</term><term>Rabbits</term><term>Recombination, Genetic</term><term>Sequence Homology, Amino Acid</term><term>Sirolimus</term><term>Temperature</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term><term>Calcineurine</term><term>Données de séquences moléculaires</term><term>Gènes fongiques</term><term>Lapins</term><term>Modèles génétiques</term><term>Mutagenèse</term><term>Recombinaison génétique</term><term>Régulation de l'expression des gènes fongiques</term><term>Résistance microbienne aux médicaments</term><term>Similitude de séquences d'acides aminés</term><term>Sirolimus</term><term>Séquence d'acides aminés</term><term>Séquence nucléotidique</term><term>Température</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506 are antimicrobial, immunosuppressive natural products that inhibit signal transduction. In T cells and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, CsA and FK506 bind to the immunophilins cyclophilin A and FKBP12 and the resulting complexes inhibit the Ca2+-regulated protein phosphatase calcineurin. We find that growth of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans is sensitive to CsA and FK506 at 37 degrees C but not at 24 degrees C, suggesting that CsA and FK506 inhibit a protein required for C. neoformans growth at elevated temperature. Genetic evidence supports a model in which immunophilin-drug complexes inhibit calcineurin to prevent growth at 37 degrees C. The gene encoding the C. neoformans calcineurin A catalytic subunit was cloned and disrupted by homologous recombination. Calcineurin mutant strains are viable but do not survive in vitro conditions that mimic the host environment (elevated temperature, 5% CO2 or alkaline pH) and are no longer pathogenic in an animal model of cryptococcal meningitis. Introduction of the wild-type calcineurin A gene complemented these growth defects and restored virulence. Our findings demonstrate that calcineurin is required for C. neoformans virulence and may define signal transduction elements required for fungal pathogenesis that could be targets for therapeutic intervention.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">9184205</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>1997</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>07</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2018</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>13</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">0261-4189</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>16</Volume><Issue>10</Issue><PubDate><Year>1997</Year><Month>May</Month><Day>15</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>The EMBO journal</Title><ISOAbbreviation>EMBO J</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Calcineurin is required for virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>2576-89</MedlinePgn></Pagination><Abstract><AbstractText>Cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506 are antimicrobial, immunosuppressive natural products that inhibit signal transduction. In T cells and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, CsA and FK506 bind to the immunophilins cyclophilin A and FKBP12 and the resulting complexes inhibit the Ca2+-regulated protein phosphatase calcineurin. We find that growth of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans is sensitive to CsA and FK506 at 37 degrees C but not at 24 degrees C, suggesting that CsA and FK506 inhibit a protein required for C. neoformans growth at elevated temperature. Genetic evidence supports a model in which immunophilin-drug complexes inhibit calcineurin to prevent growth at 37 degrees C. The gene encoding the C. neoformans calcineurin A catalytic subunit was cloned and disrupted by homologous recombination. Calcineurin mutant strains are viable but do not survive in vitro conditions that mimic the host environment (elevated temperature, 5% CO2 or alkaline pH) and are no longer pathogenic in an animal model of cryptococcal meningitis. Introduction of the wild-type calcineurin A gene complemented these growth defects and restored virulence. Our findings demonstrate that calcineurin is required for C. neoformans virulence and may define signal transduction elements required for fungal pathogenesis that could be targets for therapeutic intervention.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Odom</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Muir</LastName><ForeName>S</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lim</LastName><ForeName>E</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Toffaletti</LastName><ForeName>D L</ForeName><Initials>DL</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Perfect</LastName><ForeName>J</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Heitman</LastName><ForeName>J</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><DataBankList CompleteYN="Y"><DataBank><DataBankName>GENBANK</DataBankName><AccessionNumberList><AccessionNumber>AF042082</AccessionNumber></AccessionNumberList></DataBank></DataBankList><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>AI28388</GrantID><Acronym>AI</Acronym><Agency>NIAID NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013486">Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013487">Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>EMBO J</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>8208664</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0261-4189</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000935">Antifungal Agents</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D002148">Calmodulin-Binding Proteins</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D005656">Fungal Proteins</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D011090">Polyenes</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>83HN0GTJ6D</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D016572">Cyclosporine</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>EC 3.1.3.16</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D019703">Calcineurin</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>EC 3.1.3.16</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D010749">Phosphoprotein Phosphatases</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>W36ZG6FT64</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D020123">Sirolimus</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>WM0HAQ4WNM</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D016559">Tacrolimus</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000595" MajorTopicYN="N">Amino Acid Sequence</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000818" MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000935" MajorTopicYN="N">Antifungal Agents</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001483" MajorTopicYN="N">Base Sequence</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D019703" MajorTopicYN="N">Calcineurin</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002148" MajorTopicYN="N">Calmodulin-Binding Proteins</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="Y">genetics</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D003455" MajorTopicYN="N">Cryptococcus neoformans</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000472" MajorTopicYN="Y">pathogenicity</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016572" MajorTopicYN="N">Cyclosporine</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004352" MajorTopicYN="N">Drug Resistance, Microbial</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005656" MajorTopicYN="N">Fungal Proteins</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015966" MajorTopicYN="N">Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005800" MajorTopicYN="N">Genes, Fungal</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008957" MajorTopicYN="N">Models, Genetic</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008969" MajorTopicYN="N">Molecular Sequence Data</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016296" MajorTopicYN="N">Mutagenesis</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010749" MajorTopicYN="N">Phosphoprotein Phosphatases</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="Y">genetics</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011090" MajorTopicYN="N">Polyenes</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011817" MajorTopicYN="N">Rabbits</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011995" MajorTopicYN="N">Recombination, Genetic</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D017386" MajorTopicYN="N">Sequence Homology, Amino Acid</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D020123" MajorTopicYN="N">Sirolimus</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016559" MajorTopicYN="N">Tacrolimus</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013696" MajorTopicYN="N">Temperature</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014774" MajorTopicYN="N">Virulence</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>1997</Year><Month>5</Month><Day>15</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>1997</Year><Month>5</Month><Day>15</Day><Hour>0</Hour><Minute>1</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>1997</Year><Month>5</Month><Day>15</Day><Hour>0</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">9184205</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1093/emboj/16.10.2576</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC1169869</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>Science. 1985 Jun 21;228(4706):1443-6</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">4012301</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Microbiology. 1996 Apr;142 ( Pt 4):937-43</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">8936320</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>J Bacteriol. 1986 Jun;166(3):924-9</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">3519586</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>J Clin Invest. 1986 Dec;78(6):1638-47</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">3782474</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Infect Immun. 1988 Jan;56(1):225-9</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">2826335</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Mol Microbiol. 1988 Mar;2(2):237-45</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">2837614</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Infect Immun. 1988 Aug;56(8):2133-8</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">2840402</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1988 Nov;41(11):1592-601</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">2461926</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Genetics. 1989 May;122(1):19-27</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">2659436</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>J Med Vet Mycol. 1989;27(4):229-41</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">2677300</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Microb Pathog. 1989 Jul;7(1):1-10</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">2682128</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Nature. 1989 Dec 21-28;342(6252):953-5</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">2531848</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Mar 1;88(5):1948-52</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">1705713</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Methods Enzymol. 1991;194:3-21</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">2005794</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Science. 1991 Aug 23;253(5022):905-9</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">1715094</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Cell. 1991 Aug 23;66(4):807-15</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">1715244</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Immunol Today. 1992 Apr;13(4):136-42</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">1374612</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Nature. 1992 Jun 25;357(6380):692-4</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">1377361</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Nature. 1992 Jun 25;357(6380):695-7</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">1377362</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Aug;12(8):3460-9</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">1321337</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>New Biol. 1992 May;4(5):448-60</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">1515410</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>J Bacteriol. 1993 Mar;175(5):1405-11</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">8444802</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>J Biol Chem. 1993 Apr 15;268(11):7607-9</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">7681823</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Cell. 1993 May 7;73(3):585-96</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">8387896</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>J Immunol. 1993 Jul 15;151(2):837-48</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">8335913</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Infect Immun. 1993 Oct;61(10):4446-51</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">8406836</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>EMBO J. 1993 Nov;12(11):4063-71</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">7693452</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>J Cell Biol. 1994 Feb;124(3):351-63</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">7507493</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>J Gen Microbiol. 1993 Dec;139(12):2973-84</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">7510323</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>J Biol Chem. 1994 Mar 25;269(12):8792-6</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">8132612</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Mol Biol Cell. 1994 Jan;5(1):105-18</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">8186460</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Nature. 1994 Jun 9;369(6480):497-502</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">8202141</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Jun 7;91(12):5372-6</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">7515500</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Mol Cell Biol. 1994 Jul;14(7):4912-9</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">8007987</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Nature. 1994 Jun 30;369(6483):756-8</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">8008069</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Trends Microbiol. 1994 Apr;2(4):110-4</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">8012752</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>EMBO J. 1994 Jun 1;13(11):2545-52</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">8013455</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Genetics. 1994 Apr;136(4):1261-9</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">8013903</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Cell. 1994 Jul 15;78(1):35-43</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">7518356</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>J Cell Sci. 1994 Jul;107 ( Pt 7):1725-35</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">7983142</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Dec 6;91(25):12008-12</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">7991574</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>EMBO J. 1994 Dec 15;13(24):5944-57</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">7529175</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>J Biol Chem. 1995 Jan 13;270(2):815-22</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">7822316</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>J Biol Chem. 1995 Apr 28;270(17):10113-9</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">7537264</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>EMBO J. 1995 Jun 15;14(12):2772-83</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">7540976</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>J Biol Chem. 1995 Oct 20;270(42):24794-9</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">7559598</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>J Med Vet Mycol. 1995 Jul-Aug;33(4):261-6</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">8531025</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Clin Microbiol Rev. 1995 Oct;8(4):515-48</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">8665468</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Genetics. 1995 Nov;141(3):833-44</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">8582630</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Genes Dev. 1996 Feb 1;10(3):279-88</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">8595879</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Mol Cell Biol. 1996 May;16(5):2226-37</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">8628289</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Mol Cell Biol. 1996 Jul;16(7):3730-41</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">8668190</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>J Clin Invest. 1985 Aug;76(2):508-16</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">3928681</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference></ReferenceList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Caroline du Nord</li></region></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Heitman, J" sort="Heitman, J" uniqKey="Heitman J" first="J" last="Heitman">J. Heitman</name><name sortKey="Lim, E" sort="Lim, E" uniqKey="Lim E" first="E" last="Lim">E. Lim</name><name sortKey="Muir, S" sort="Muir, S" uniqKey="Muir S" first="S" last="Muir">S. Muir</name><name sortKey="Perfect, J" sort="Perfect, J" uniqKey="Perfect J" first="J" last="Perfect">J. Perfect</name><name sortKey="Toffaletti, D L" sort="Toffaletti, D L" uniqKey="Toffaletti D" first="D L" last="Toffaletti">D L Toffaletti</name></noCountry><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Caroline du Nord"><name sortKey="Odom, A" sort="Odom, A" uniqKey="Odom A" first="A" last="Odom">A. Odom</name></region></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Bois/explor/RapamycinFungusV1/Data/Main/Exploration
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 001A91 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/biblio.hfd -nk 001A91 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Bois
|area= RapamycinFungusV1
|flux= Main
|étape= Exploration
|type= RBID
|clé= pubmed:9184205
|texte= Calcineurin is required for virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans.
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:9184205" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a RapamycinFungusV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.38. |  |